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AASOR Annual
of the American schools of Oriental Research
AB Anchor
Bible
ANET J.B.
Pritchard(ed.), Ancint Near Eastern Texts
b. Babylonian
Talmud
BA Biblical
Archaeologist
BAR Biblical
Archaeologist Reader
BARev Biblical
Archaeology Review
BASOR Bulletin
of the American Schools of Oriental Research
Ber. Berakot
BDB F.
Brown, S.R. Driver, and
BHK R.
Kittel. Biblia Hebraica
BHS Biblia
hebraica stuttgartensia
Bib Biblica
CBQ Catholic
Biblical Quarterly
Cf. compare¤ñ¸û
CTJ Calvin
Theological Journal
DNTT Colin
Brown (ed.), Dictionary of New Testament Theology
DOTT D.W.
Thomas, (ed.)Documents from Old Testament Times
ed. Editor,
edited by½sµÛ
EncJud Encyclopedia
Judaica(1971)
EQ Evangelical
Quarterly
ExpT Expository
Times
f. following¤Î¥H¤U¤@¶/¸`
ff. and
the following¤Î¥H¤U½Ñ¶/¸`
GKC Gesenius~ Hebrew Grammar, ed E. Kautzsch, tr, A.E. Cowley
HTR Harvard
Theological Review
IB Interpreter's
Bible
IBD Illustrated
Bible Dictionary
ibid. ibidem¦P¤W
ICC International
Critical Commentary
IDB G.A.
Buttrick(ed.) Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible
IDBSup Supplimentary
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Int Interpretation
ISBE International
Standard Bible Encyclopedia, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 2nd
edition, 1986.
JAOS Journal
of the American Oriental Society
JB A.Jones,
(ed.),
JBL Journal
of Biblical Literature
JETS Journal
of the Evangical Theological Society
JPSV Jewish
Publication Society Version
JQR Jewish
Quarterly Review
JSOT Journal
for the Study of the Old Testament
JSS Journal
of Semitic Studies
JTS Journal
of Theological Studies
Jub. Jubilee
KB L.
Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testament libros
KJV King
James Version
LXX Septuagint¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»
MT Masoretic
Text°¨©Ò©Ô§Û¥»
NAB New
American Version
NASV New
American Standard Version
Neg. Nega `im
NICNT New
Internationl Commentary on the New Testament
NICOT New
International Commentary of the Ood Testament
Nid. Niddah
NIV New
International Version
OTL Old
Testament Library
PEQ
Q Qumran¦º®ü¥j¨÷
1Q, 2Q, 4Q, etc. Numbered caves of
RB Revue
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RevExp Review
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RSV Revised
Standard Version
RV Review
Version
S Syriac
Version±Ô§Q¨ÈĶ¥»
SP Samaritan
Pentateuch¼»º¿§Q¨È¤¸g
SJT Scottish
Journal of Theology
TB Tyndale
Bulletin
TDNT G.
Kittel and G. Friedrich (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
TDOT G.J.
Botterweck and H. Ringgren (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
Tg Targum
TWOT R.
Harris, Gleason L. Arsher, and Bruce K. Watke(ed.), Theological Wordbook of the
Old Testament
V VulgateªZ¥[¤jĶ¥»
VT Vestus
Testamentum
WTJ
y.
ZAW Zeitschrift
for die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
ZPE Zodervan
Pictorial encyclopedia of the Bible
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Quarterly 25(1953) p.14.
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6 R.K. Harrison, Leviticus, (IVP,
1980) p.15.
7 Gorden Wenham, Leviticus,
(Eerdmans, 1979) p.7.
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¢Þ©³¥» ¤@-¤K ¤Ü¤@ ¤Ü¤T-¤Ê¤K¡A¤Ê¤Ea ¤Ê¤Ec ¥|¤Q¥|
µM¦Ó«ÜÅãµM¦a¡A§Y¥OÄÝ¥GH©³¥»ªº³¹¸`¥]§t¤FÄÝ¥G©Ò¿×P©³¥»ªº¦¨¥÷¡A¦n¤ñ»¡¡A²Ä¤Q¸`©Ò´£ªì¼ôªºªG¤l¡]¤ñ¸û¥X¤Ü¤G¡A¤Ü¤E¡^¡F²Ä¤Q¤@¸`©Ò´£¤§¤â·n²½ª«¡]¤ñ¸û¥X¤Ü¤E¡A¤Ü¥|¡F§Q¤Q¥|¡A¤Q¤G¡A¤Ü¥|¡F¤S¤ñ¸û§Q¤C¡A¤Ê¡FWehenif tenuphah¨âÃã¥iªÖ©w¦a»¡¬OÄÝ¥G¢Þ©³¥»¡^¡F²Ä¤Ê¤E¸`¤U¥b¡A¦u¸`¤C¤é¡]¤ñºû¤Ü¤E¡A¤Q¤G¡^¡C²Ä¥|¤T¸`¤U¸`¥²¶·n¥ý¨ã³Æ¥X®J¤Î°Oªºª¾ÃÑ¡C³o¨Ç²{¶Hª½±µÃÒ©ú¥»³¹¬O¤@Ó¾ãÓªº³æ¦ì¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦¹ï¾ãÓ§Q¥¼°O¨ã¦³¤@ºØ¾ãÅ骺ÃöÁp¡C
°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A¦pªG¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹¬O¿W¥ßªº³æ¤¸§@«~¡A¥¦ªº¤å«äÀ³¦³¨t²Îªºµ²ºc¡C¥i±¤¨Æ»PÄ@¹H¡A¦ó´I»D¡]D. Hoffmann¡^¦Ñ¦¤w«ü¥X¤Q¤C³¹À³»P¤W¤å³s±µ¡A¦Ó¤£¯à¬O·s¬q¸¨ªº¶}©l¡C16ªñ´Á¬ö§Q¦w¡]R. Kilian¡^¥ç´£¿ô¡A¤Q¤C³¹¤£¯à»P¨ä¥L¸t¼ä¨å³¹³¹¸`¬Û³s¡C17®L²z¥Ó«h±j½Õ¤Ü¤³¹¤£¥i¯à¬O©Ò¿×¸t¼ä¨å³¹ªº¤@Ó¤À¬O¡C18¬Æ¦Ü®Ú¾Ú«Â¯E¥Í°²³]ªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¦p¤Ú¦w®í¡]B. Baentsch¡^19©M¥Õ¦h¤O¡]Bertholet¡^20³£©Ó»{«ö·Ó¥L̪º²z½×¤ÀªR¸t¼ä¨å³¹¡A¤]Åã¥Ü¤º¤å¨Ã¤£¹Îµ²²Î¤@¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ¦n´XºØ¬Æ¦Ü¦h¦Ü¤Q¤GÃþ¤¬¤£Ãö³sªº«ß¨Ò¨Ó·½½s¿è¦Ó¦¨¡C
ºî¦X¤Wz½×ÂI¡A¼È¥BºJ¤U¼g§@¤é´Á¤£½Í¡Aµø¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹¬°»P¨ä¥L§Q¥¼°O³¹¸`¤À³Îªº¿W¥ß³æ¤¸¡A¹ê¦b©ó²z¤£¦X¡A¤£²Å¦X§Q¥¼°Oªº¤å¾Çµ²ºc¡C
8 pp.401ff, ¯S§Op.416; ¸Ó¤å«¥Z¦b¥LªºµÛ§@¤¸g(Der
Pentateuch [1893] pp.368ff.)
9 ¤@¯ë¬ù°ª¯Å§å§P¾ÇªÌºÙ«Â¯E¥Íªº°²³]¬°©³¥»»¡(the
Documentary Hypothesis)¡C·¨º¸¼w«h«ö³oÓ°²³]ªº°ò¥»½×ÂIºÙ¤§¬°µo®i»¡(Development Hypothesis)¡C°Ñ¬ù¾É½×¡]¹DÁn¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1964¤¤Ä¶¥»¡^ pp.138-145.
10 ©M¦X¥»¨Ã¨S¦³¡u¥H«á¡K¡K¤S¡v¡AµM¦Ó§Æ§B¨Óì¤å¦³³s±µµü¡A¦b³oùعê¦b¬O«ü¥Ü¦¸§Ç¡A©Ò¥H¤@¯ëªñ´Á^¤åĶ¥»¡A¨Ò¦pNEB, NASV, NIV³£Ä¶¬°"Then Yahweh said to Moses"¡A¤¤¤å«ä°ªÄ¶¥»¡G¡u¤W¥D¥H«á¦V±ö·æ»¡¡v¡A·í¥N¸t¸g«h§@¡G¡u¥D¤S«ü¥Ü¼¯¦è¡v¡A«ü©ú¥»¸`¶}©l·sªº¬q¸¨¡C
11 ®L²z¥Ó(R.K. Harrison)«ü¥Ü¡A§Q¤Ü¤»26¬O¥þ®ÑªºÁ`½×¡A¦Ó«D¸Ó¨å³¹ªºµ²»y¡A(TOTCp.
26)¡Fù¼w½^(A. Noordtzij)«o»{¬°¸Ó¸`¤£¹L¬O¤Ü¤1¶}©lªº¤@¬q¤§µ²»y¡A¤£¯à»¡¬O¸t¼ä¨å³¹ªº¶[¨¥¡ALeviticus, (Zondervan, 1982) p.8.
12 Wenham, Leviticus, p.7.
13 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the
Old Testament, (Eerdmans, 1969) p.597.
14 Harrison, Leviticus, p.25.
15 ¬ù¾É½×¡Ap.72.
16 Das Buch Leviticus I, (Berlin:
Poppelauer, 1905) p.469; Rolf Rendtorff, The Old Testament: An Introduction,
(Fortress, 1986) p.145.
17 Literarkritische und Formgeschicntliche
Undersuchung des Heilig Keitsgesetzes, (Bonn:
Hanstein, 1963) pp.176ff.
18 Introduction to the Old Testament,
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969) p.598.
19 Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri,
(Handkommentar zum AT)(Go/tingen: 1903) p.387.
20 Leviticus, (Kurzer Handkommentar
zum AT)(Tu/bingen: Mohr, 1901) p.x.
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21 ¨Ò¦p¤Q¥@¬ö¦è¯Z¤úªº\cs15Ibn Hazam of Cordova, ¤Q¤@¥@¬öªºIbn Ezra, ¤Q¤¥@¬ö°¨¤B¸ô¼wªº¹ïÀYAndreas Bodenstein, ¤Q¤C¥@¬ö¥v¹ê¿Õ²ï(Benedict Spinoza)µ¥¡C°ÑR.K.Harrison, lntroduction to the Old Testament, pp.497-498; ¦ã°ò·s(G.L.Archer)¬ù·§½×¡]ºØ¬ó¡A1985¡^¶93.
22 «Â¯E¥Íµoªí¨äµÛ§@®É¡AªñªF¦Ò¥j¾Ç¤w¦³¤£¤Ö¬Û·í«nªº¬ã¨s¤å³¹µoªí¡A°ÑHarrison, Introduction, pp.85-88; William Foxwell Albrigt, From
Stone Age to Christianity, (2nd ed., Garden City; Doubleday, 1957)
pp.25-41.
23 °Ñ¿à¯S¸t¸g¦Ò¥j¾Ç¡]ªF«n¨È¯«¾Ç¨ó·|¡F1967¡^ pp.131-143; ¨È·í´µ¥j¥N¬ö¿ý»P¸t¸g¡]®û·|¡A1967¡^ pp.150-152; ¶ø§BµÜ¡u¬ùªº¥@¬É¡v¡A¸t¸g¦ÒÄÀ¤j¥þ: ¬ù½×ÂO¡]¤W¡^¡]¤åÃÀ¡A1970¡^ pp. 1-124; Harrison, Introduction, pp.362. 414; Old Testament
Times, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970): Archer, "Archaeological
Evidence for the Antiquity of the Pentateuch", Survey, pp.155-165;
Roland de Vaux, Anchient
24 ³Ìªñ¥N¦³Ãö¯Q¥[§Qªº¬ã¨s¡A°ÑPeter C. Craigie, Ugarit and the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1983) ¤Î¤~¨ä¤¤ªºChapter VII: A Guide For Further Study And Reading©Ò¦C¤§®Ñ¥Ø¡C
25 ¦ã¥¬©Ôªºµo²{©M¬ã¨s¡A°ÑEdward Hughes¡u¥j°ê¦ã¥¬©Ô¡vŪªÌ¤åºK¤@¤E¤C¤K¦~¡A¤C¤ë¸¹¡App.60-64; P.Mattiae, Ebla: An Empire Rediscovered, (Garden City:
Doubleday, 1981); G. Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla, (Garden, City:
Doubleday, 1981); Chaim Bermont and Michael Weitzman, Ebla Revelation In
Archaeology, (New York: Times Book, 1979); Mitchell Dahood, "Are the
Ebla Tablets Relevant to Biblical Research?", Biblical Archaelolgy
Review 6/5, 1980, pp.54-60; Lawrence T.Geraty, "Update on Ebla", Ministry
January, 1982, pp.24-27杭C
26 Herbert F. Lamp, "An Old Testament Index to Archaeological
Source", Trinity Journal 3(1982) pp.170-194, ¯S§Opp.189-190±Nªñ¥N¦Ò¥jµo²{´£¨Ñ§Q¥¼°O¬ã¨sªº®Ñ¥»¤å³¹¦CÁ|¡C
27 ¦³Ãö¦º®ü¥j¨÷ªº¬ã¨s¡A¤w¦³³\¦hµÛ§@¥Xª©¡A¤¤¤å°Ñ¦Ò¬d²z¡D´´µØ¡A¦º®ü¥j¨÷»P¸t¸Ì¡]ºØ¬ó¡A1978¡^¡A^¤å°ÑF.M. Cross, Jr., The Ancient Library of
28 ¶O¼w¥Á(David Noel Freedman)¦CÁ|¤T¤j²z¥Ñ:
(1)¬O²{¦s³Ì¥j¦Ñªº§Q¥¼°O§Û¥»¡A«D±`¥i¯à¬O¥D«e¤G¥@¬ö«á´Áªº§Û¥»¡F¡]Á¤ͤý´£¥X¬Æ¦Ü¦³»{¬°¦¦Ü¥D«e¤T©Î¥|¥@¬ö¡A¨â¬ù¤¤¶¡¥v²¤¡eºØ¬ó¡A1977¡fp.407.¡^
(2)¬O³Ìªø½g´T¤å¥ó¥Î¥j§Æ§B¨Ó¤åÅé(paleo-Hebrew)¼g¦¨¡A©Ò¥H¹ï»{ÃÑ¥j§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¦b§Æþ--ù°¨®É¥NªººtÅܫܦ³À°§U¡F
(3)¥¦¬O¦bToral¡u«ßªk¡v§Æ§B¨Óª©¥»©T©w¬°¥¿¨å®É´Á¡A¤@©w¹ï§Û¥»»P¶Ç²Î¾ú¥vªº¬ã¨s¦³©Ò°^Äm¡C
("Variant
29 ³Ì·sªþ¬ã¸g§å§P¸ê®Æªº§Q¥¼°Oª©¥»¬OBiblia
Hebraica Stuttgartensia, (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung 1977)
30 Ãö©óLXXªº¬ã¨s¡A°ÑSidney Jellicoe, The Septuagint and Modern Study, (Oxford:
Clarendon 1968); H.M. Orlinsky, The Septuagint: The Oldest Translation of
the Bible, (Cincinnati, 1949); H.B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old
Testament in Greek, revised R.R. Ottley(Cambridge: University Press, 1914).
31
32 D.N. Freedman, "Variant Readings in The Leviticus Scroll From Qumran
Cave 11", pp.525-534; K.A. Mathews, "The Leviticus Scroll (11 Q psleo
Lev) and the text of the Hebrew Bible", CBQ 48(1986), 171-207.
33 Wlenham, Leviticus, p.15.
34 Harrison, Leviticus, p.35.
35 ¸Ô²Óªºµo®i®É¶¡ªí°ÑHarrison, Introduction, pp.7-32; ¨¯´¶¥Í¡u¤»¸g¤§¦¨ªø¡v¡A¸t¸g¦ÒÄÀ¤j¥þ¡G¬ù½×ÂO¡]¤U¡^¡]¤åÃÀ¡A1981¡^ pp.31-70.
36 Die Priesterschrift von Exodus 25 bis Leviticus 16, eine u/berlieferungsges-chichtliche und Literarkritische Untersuchung, (Go/ttingen, 1959) p.76 n.6.
37 Leviticus, (OT Library)(London: SCM, 1965) p.91
38 Die Gesetze in der Priesterschrift, eine gattungsgeschichtliche
Untersuchung, (Go/ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1963)
p.45n.34.
39 "The Literary Connection Between LV 11, 13-19 And DT 14,
12-18", Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28(1966) 271-177, ½Ð°Ñ¬Ý¤Q¤@³¹µùÄÀªº¤ñ¸û¡C
40 From Bible To Mishna, (
41 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School, (Oxford; Clarendon, 1972)
pp.18Off, 223.
42 "What Happened Every Seven Year in
43 "Atonement Constructions in the Old Testament and the
44 Ibid, p.161
45 Y. Kaufmann, The Religion of
47 E.A. Speiser, "Leviticus and the Critics", in Oriental and
Biblical Studies, (Philadelphia: University Press, 1967) pp.123.142.
48 Jacob Milgrom, "Leviticus", Encyclopedia Judaica, (1972)
11: 138.
49 Deuteronomy, pp.180ff.
50 °£¤FKauffman©MWeinfeld¥~¡AM. Douglas±q¤HÃþªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤ä«ù§Q¥¼°OÄÝ©ó¦´Á¡A¦Ó»P«á´Á¡A±¡§Î¤£¦P¡CImplicit Meanings, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975)
pp.315ff.
51 The Book of Leviticus, 3d. ed.(1899; reprint,
52 Áú©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡]¤Ñ¥D±Ð«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A1985¡^p.4-5
53 §Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡]ÃÒ¹D¡A1956¦Aª©¡^úS¡B¸v¶¡C
¯«¾Ç±Ð°V
µS¤Ó¤H©M°ò·þ±ÐªºÂ¬ù¸t¸g±Æ¦C¡A¥H³Ì«eªº¤¨÷¬°¤@¾ãÅé¡A²ÎºÙ«ßªk®Ñ©Î¼¯¦è¤¸g¡A¥iª¾³o¤¨÷®ÑÃö«Y±K¤Á¡A²Õ¦X¦Ó¦¨¤@Ó§¹¾ãªº±Ò¥Ü±Ð°V¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼°O¬JµM¨Ã«D³æ¿W¦s¦b¡An´x´¤¨ä¤¤¯«¾Ç±Ð°V¡A¾|¹F¥±¡]Jean Rutherford¡^´£¿ô¡G¡u¬q»P¬q¤§¶¡¬O¦³Ápôªº¡A¦Ó¥BÁpô¬O¤Q¤À«nªº¡C¦³¤H»{¬°¸t¸g¬OÂø¶ÃµL³¹¡Bµ²ºc´²º©ªº¡A¨ä¹ê¸t¸gªºµ²ºc¦n¹³¤@´Ê¥Íªøªº¾ð¡A¦³ªK¦³¸`¡C¡v54¬JµM§Q¥¼°O»P¨ä¥L®Ñ¨÷³sô¡A¬ã¨s¥¦ªº±Ð°V¡A´N¥²¶·¯d·N¡A¡u§Ú̽͸ܪº°O¸ü¡A¤Á¤Å§Ñ°O¬Ý¬Ý¤W¤U¤å¡A§K±oÂ_³¹¨ú¸q¡A¬ïÆwªþ·|¡A¬n¦±¤å·N¬Æ¦Ü»P§@ªÌI¹D¦Ó¹£¡A«o¦Û¥H¬°¬O©¾©ó¸t¸g¡C¡v55
54 ¯ª¬ù¿«½s¡A¬ã¸gªk½×¶°¡]«Å¹D1981¡^¡u«ö¬q¤ÀªR¡vp.30
55 ±i×»ô¡A¬¡¥ÎŪ¸gªk¡]ÃÒ¹D¡A1973¡^p.11.
³s±µµü
§Q¥¼°O»P¥X®J¤Î°O¹ê¦b¬O¯«¦b¦è¤M¤s±Ò¥Üªº¤W¤U¨â³¡¥÷¡A¤¤¤åĶ¥»¥i¯à¬°¤F³q¶¶¡A¨S¦³§â§Æ§B¨Óì¤å¡A¶}©l¥»®Ñªº²Ä¤@Ó¦r¡A¡uµM«á¡v¡] w\\]w#¡^¨º³s±µµüº¥X¨Ó¡ALXX©M¤@¨Ç^¤åĶ¥»56©¾¹ê¦aªí¥Ü¡A«ö·Ó¤åÅéµ²ºc¡A§Q¥¼°Oªº±Ð°V©Ó±µ¥X®J¤Î°O¡]§Y¥X¥|¤Q38¡^¡A¦¨¬°¤@Ó¾ãÅé¡C°ª±oÄ_¡]Louis Goldberg¡^«ü¥X§Q¥¼°Oªº±Ð°V¡A57´N¬OÁ¿½×¼¯¦èªº·ù¬ù©Î«ßªk¡C¼¯¦è»â¨üªº·ù¬ù«ßªk¡A¥Dn¤À¬°¤T¤j³¡¥÷¡G¹D¼w¡B²½ªÁ¡B©M¥qªk¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡AÁÙ¦³²Ä¥|³¡¥÷¡A½×z·q«ô©M¥Í¬¡ªº¼Ò¦¡¡C¨Ò¦p¦w®§¤é¡B¹ª«¡B¼ä²bµ¥³W«h¡C³o¥|³¡¥÷¦¨¬°¤é±`¥Í¬¡¦U¤è±ªº¦u«h©M«ü¤Þ¡A¦ý«e¤T³¡¥÷¤Dºc¦¨¼¯¦è«ßªkªº¿W¯S¦]¯À¡C¹D¼w«ß½T©w«O«ù¯«¸t¥Í¬¡ªºÛ²z¼Ð·Ç¡A²½ªÁ¨î«×»¡©ú¸o´c±o±ÏÅ«¡B©e¨¨Í¥D¡B·PÁ¤λP¯«¬Û¥æªº¤èªk¡A¥qªk³¹«h¨Ñµ¹¥Á±Ú³B²z¥Á¨Æ©M¦D¨Æ¶D³^ªº¨t²Î¡C¥X®J¤Î°O¤w²¤½×³o¤Tӫߪkªº«ÂI¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼°O«h°£¹ï¦U«ÂI¦A¥[¸Ô²Óµo´§¡A§ó¥[ÄÄz«ßªk²Ä¥|³¡¥÷ªº·q«ô¤Î¥Í¬¡¼Ò¦¡¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼°O¤D¼¯¦è«ßªk¤@Ó«nªºÀô¸`¡Aɥάd¸q«ä¡]Brevard S. Childs¡^ªº§Î®e¡G¡u§Q¥¼°O´£¨Ñ¬ù«ç¼Ë¤F¸Ñ«ßªkªº¥Dn¨Ò¤l¡v¡C58
56 AV: "Ans", NASV
"Then"
57 Leviticus, (A Study Guide Commentary)(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980) p.7.
58 Introduction to the Old Testament As
Scripture, (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) p.187.
©Ó±µ¥X®J¤Î°O
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ÁöµM§Q¤@¦Ü¤C³¹½×z¦UºØÄm²½¡A¦ü¥G¥´Â_¤F³oÓ³sÄò©Ê¡A¹ê¦b¬O¥²¶·ªº¸É¥R¡C³o¬qªºº¦r¡A§Y¤W¤å°Q½×¹L¥»®Ñªºº¦r¡A¡uµM«á¡vªí¥Ü³s±µ¥X¥|¤Q38¡C¥»¬q¥½¥y¡u³o´N¬OêO²½¡B¯À²½¡BÅ«¸o²½¡BÅ«·^²½¡B©M¥¦w²½ªº±ø¨Ò¡A¨Ã©Ó±µ¸t¾ªºÂ§¡A³£¬OC©MµØ¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡A´N¬O¥L¦è¤DÃm³¥§h©J¥H¦â¦C¤HÄm¨Ñª«µ¹C©MµØ¤§¤é©Ò»¡ªº¡C¡v¡]¤C37-38¡^²M·¡¥æ¥»¬q©Ó¥ý«áªº§@¥Î¡Cº¥ý¡A¡u³£¬OC©MµØ¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡v¦b¤W¬q¤w¸g½×¤Î¡A¬O¥X®J¤Î°O©µÄòªº¤Þ¥y¡C¨ä¦¸¡A¥X®J¤Î°Oµ²§ô®É¡A¤@¤Á·|¹õ¤Î²½¥qªºª««~³£¤w§¹¦¨¡A¨Ã¥B¡u¦b·|¹õªº±b¹õªù«e¡A¦w³]êO²½¾Â¡A§âêO²½¡A©M¯À²½Äm¦b¨ä¤W¡A¬O·ÓC©MµØ©Ò§h©J¥Lªº¡C¡v¡]¥X¥|¤Q28¡^¡CµM¦Ó¦b¥X®J¤Î°O¨Ã¨S¦³¤¶²ÐêO²½©M¯À²½ªºÄmªk¡Aºò±µªº§Q¥¼°O¤@¦Ü¤³¹¸É¥RÄm²½ªº±ø¨Ò¡A¤D¦ÛµM¤£¹L¡C³Ì«á¡A¥X¤Ü¤E³¹«ü¥Ü¼¯¦è»I¥ß¨ÈÛ¤÷¤lªºµ{§Ç¡AnÄmÅ«¸o²½¡BêO²½©M¥¦w²½¡A¥]¬A®_¡B¿N¡B¦Y©M¨Ï¥Î¦å¡AY«D§Q¤»¦Ü¤C³¹¸ÑÄÀ²½¥q«ç¼Ë³B²z¦UºØ²½ªÁ¡A¨ÈÛ¦b»I¥ß¨å§¤¤´N¤â¨¬µL±¹¡A©Ò¥H§Q¤C37»¡©ú³o¤j¬q¸¨¬O¬°¤F¡u©Ó±µ¸t¾ªºÂ§¡v¡C¦]¦¹¿à¯S(Wright)»{¬°§Q¥¼°Oªº³¹¸`¦¸§Ç¡A¨Ã«D«ö¾ú¥v«e«á¡A¦Ó¬O«ö±Ð°V¥[¥HÅÞ¿è©Ê½s±Æ¡A60»¡©úÂDz½¥q©ÒÄmªº²½¬O¯«¯S§Oªº±Ò¥Ü¡A©Ò¥H¤D¡u¥@¥@¥N¥N¥Ã±o¤§¤À¡v¡]¤C36¡^¡C¨ÈÛ»I¥ß¡]¤K-¤E¡^´N¬O«ö·Ó¯«·q«ô±Ò¥Ü¥¿½T¦^À³ªº¨Ò¤l¡A¦Ó®³µª¡B¨È¤ñ¤á«h¬°¤£¸t¼ä¹HI±Ò¥Üªº¼f§PŲ§Ù¡]¤Q¡^¡C
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¦¨¸tÂk¯«ªº¨¥÷¡A°£¤Fn¨D¥H¦â¦C¤H¦p¦ó»P¯«¬Û¥æ¥~¡A¤]¦ù©µ¨ì¤H»ÚÃö«Y¡C¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹ªºÛ²zn¨D»P¤Q¤@¦Ü¤Q¤»³¹©v±Ð©Êªºn¨D¤@¼Ë¡A´N¬O«ö·Ó¯«ªº¸t¼ä¡]¤Q¤E³¹¡^¡C¤£Â_«ÂЪº¡u§Ú¬OC©MµØ§A̪º¯«¡v¡]¤Q¤E
59 Ibid, pp.184-186.
60 Wright, "Thoughts On
Composition of the Pentateuch", p.14.
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Äm²½¡@¥ô¦óŪªÌ¡A¤£¥²²`¤J¬ã¨s¡A¥u¶·§Ö¾\§Q¥¼°O¡A³£«Ü¦ÛµMÀò±o¤@Ó²M·¡¦L¶H¡A¨º´N¬O§Q¥¼°O¥Rº¡Äm²½ªº±Ð°V¡A´X¥G¨C¤@³¹¸t¸g³£¦³½×¤ÎÄm²½ªº¨Æ¡A66¥þ®Ñ¦UºØªº²½¡A¥]¬A¨Ñª«¡BêO²½¡B¯À²½¡B¥¦w²½¡BÅ«¸o²½¡BÅ«·^²½¡BÁ|²½¡B·n²½¡B·PÁ²½¡B¥Ì¤ß²½¡B¤õ²½¡B³þ²½¡BÄÉ»ªº²½¡B¹S®¦²½¡B·s¯À²½¡BÁÙÄ@²½¡B²½ª«µ¥¡A¥[¤WÄmªº°Êµü¡AÄm²½ªº¦r¥y¦b§Q¥¼°O¤j·§¦@¥Î¤F¤T¦Ê¦¸¡A¥]¬A¤F¦hºØ¤£¦P¨¥÷¦a¦ì¤Hª«Äm²½ªº«ü¥Ü¡A¦³´¶Ã¹¤j²³Ó¤H©M¥þ·|²³¡B©xªø¡B²½¥q¡B¥Í¨|«áªº°ü¤k¡B·òºÆ¯f©Îº|¯g¡ªÌ¡B±H©~ªº¤Hµ¥¡AÄm²½¤§®É¶¡¥ç¦³¦hºØ¦w±Æ¡A¦³ÀH®ÉÁ®¦©Î¹îı¸o·^§Y®ÉªºÄm²½¡A¤]¦³©w®É±`Äm©Î©ó¸`´Áªº©^Äm¡C§Q¥¼°O¥i¥H»¡¬O«H®{©^Äm«ü«n¡C
¬y¦å»PÅ«¸o¡@«öú¦«ßªk¡A¤Zª«®t¤£¦h³£¬O¥Î¦å¼ä²bªº¡AY¤£¬y¦å¡A¸o´N¤£±o³j§K¤F¡C¡v¡]¨Ó¤E22¡^§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ§@ªÌ¤ß¥Ø¤¤ªº«ßªk¡A¥]¬A¥X®J¤Î°O©M¥Á¼Æ°O¡A¦ý¬Û«H¥Dn¤D«ü§Q¥¼°O¡C¦b²³¦hªºÄm²½¤¤¡A°£¤F¯À²½¥~¡A¦UºØªº²½¡AµL½×¬Oªí¥Ü·PÁ©e¨ªºêO²½¡A»P¯«»P¤H¤À¨É¹Î«´ªº¥¦w²½¡A©Î¬O¬°¸o¦ÓÄmªº²½¡A³£¥]¬A¬y¦åªºµ{§Ç¡C©Ò¥H¦å¡] sD; da{m¡^¦b§Q¥¼°O¤¤¦@¥Î83¦¸¡A§ó¬O¬ù¬y¦å¯«¾Ç·N¸qªº«n±Ò¥Ü¡G¡u¦]¬°¦åùئ³¥Í©R¡A©Ò¥H¯àÅ«¸o¡C¡v¡]¤Q¤C11¡^³o¸g¤å±q¬y¦åªº¦æ°Ê¤Þ¾É¦ÜÅ«¸oªº±Ð°V¡C rPk (k-p-r)³o§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº¦r®Ú¤£¦P»yºA¦b§Q¥¼°O¦@¥Î58¦¸¡A¤¤¤å½Ķ¬°Å«¸o¡BÅ«¡B¼ä²b¡B¬I®¦µ¥¡C§Q¥¼°Oªº¬y¦åÅ«¸o³o¯«¾ÇÆ[ÂI¡A¤£³æ¹ï¬ù¥H¦â¦CÄm²½ªº¤H·N¸q«n¡A¤]¬O¹wªí·s¬ùÀ±ÁɨȦ¨´Nªº¥Ã»·±Ï®¦¡A©Ò¥H¬y¦åÅ«¸o¤]¬O¨Ï®{Ì«ÂиԺɤÞzÄÄÄÀªº¯«¾Ç±Ð°V¡C
61 ¤G13¡A¤Ü¥|8¡A¤Ü¤»9¡B15¡B25¡B42¡]3¦¸¡^¡B44¡B45.
62 »®¤Hªþ±e±ø¬ù»P¬ù¯S§O¥Ó©R°OªºÃö«Y¡A¤w¦³³\¦h«n¸àÄÀ¡A¨Ò¦pD.J.
McCarthy, Treaty and Covenant, (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1963);
M. Kline, The Treaty of the Great King, (Eerdmans, 1963), ¨ä¤¤ªþ±e±ø¬ù³¡¥÷¦A¸üThe
Structure of Biblical Authority, revised edition, (Grand Rapids: Baker,
1975) p.86; J.A. Thompson, Deuteronomy, (London: IVP. 1974) pp.14ff;
P.C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976)
pp.20ff.¤£¹L±N¥X®J¤Î-§Q¥¼°O»P»®¤Hªþ±e±ø¨Ò§@¤ñ¸ûªº¥u¦³G.E. Mendenhall, Law and Covenant in
63 The Bible in Its World, (Exeter: Paternoste, 1977) p.82.
64 ®Ú¾ÚSolomon MandelKern, Veteris Testamenti
Concordantiae: Hebra&ica Atque
Chaldaicae, (Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1969)¡A¤¤^ªº¦¸¼Æ¸û¤Ö¡A¥Dn¦]¬°¤¤¤åªí¹F¤è¦¡»P§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¦³§O¡A¨Ò¦p¦Ü¸t©Ò¡A¤¤¤å¸t¦r¥u¥Î¤@¦¸¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¬O¸t¤¤ªº¸t¡A¡u¸t¡v¦r¥X²{¨â¦¸¡C
65 ³o¨Ç¼Æ¦r®Ú¾ÚE. Jenni u. C. Westermann, Theologisches
Handwo/rterbuch zum Alten Testament, I, pp.571, 647, 665, II, p.593.
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68 Ign. Mag. 7: 2
69 Das
Christuszeugnis des alten Testaments, (Munich:
C. Kaiser, 1935) I, 268
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´n¬A·s¬ù¹ï¬ù«ßªkªº¬Ýªk¡A·s¬ù¤£³æ±µ¨ü¬ùªº¹D¼w©R¥O¡A¨Ã¥BÂÐz¥H«e·ù¬ùªº°òn¯«¾Ç¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¼¯¦èªº¦UÃþ«ß¨Ò¡C¦pªG·s¬ù¦h±j½Õ¯«ªº®¦¨å¡A¤D¦]°ò·þªº°¥@©M¨ü¦º»·¤ñ¥X®J¤Î§ó¨ãÅé¦aªí¹ü¤F¯«ªº¼¦¼§¡C
°£¤F¹D¼w«ß¡A¨Ò¦p¡un·R¤H¦p¤v¡v¡]¤Q¤E18¡^³o¨Ç©R¥O¥~¡A§Q¥¼°O¤¤©Ò¿×ªº¥Á¨Æ³W±ø¡A¨Ò¦p¯Ñ¦a¤§¨Ò¡]¤Q¤E9-10¡B19¡B23-25¡^¡B«ç¼Ë°õ¦æ¦º¦D¡]¤Ü9-16¡^µ¥¡Aªº½T¬Æ¤Ö¦b·s¬ù¤¤¤Þ¥Î¡C¦ý·s¬ù¤Þ¥Îªº¥Á¨Æ³W±ø¬O»P¹D¼w«ß¨ã¦Pµ¥ªºÅv«Â¡]¨Ò¦pªL«e¤E9¤Þ¥Î¥Ó¤Ü¤4¡A¥i¤C10®Ú¾Ú§Q¤Ü9¡^¡A¥i¨£§Q¥½°Oªº«ß¨Ò¡A¹ê¦b¹ï²{¤µ«H®{¨ã¥i¦æ¨ÃÀ³¼i¦æªºÀ³¥Î©Ê¡C
70 ¦³Ãö±q¸t¸g¤å¤Æ°O¸ü´M§ä¶W¤å¤Æ¯u²z±Ò¥Üªº«n©M¤èªk°Ñ¾\Berkeley
Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible, (Eerdmans, 1963) pp.159-176; Äõ©iµÛ¡A¸â¥¿¸q½Ķ¡A°ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡]¬¡¬u¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1983¡^ pp.137.146.
71 Brevard S. Childs, Introduction To
the Old Testament As Scripture, (Fortress Press, 1979) p.186.
72 »C»²¥Á¡A§Q¥¼°OÁ¿¸q¡]¤Ö¦~Âk¥DªÀ¡A1983¦Aª©¡^ p.1.
73 ¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¹B¥Î³o¬q©MÀHú¦ªº¤@¬q¸g¤å¡A¯S§O¬O¥[¤T23¡AÁ¿½×«ßªk/®¦¨å¬O¬Û¹ïªº¡C¦ý¬ù±q¨Ó¨S¦³±Ð°V¦æ«ßªk¥i±o±Ï¡A¦Ü¤ÖC¿q©M¨Ï®{Ì¡A¥]¬A«Où³o¨ÇµS¤Ó¤H¨Ã¤£¦P·N«ßªk©M®¦¨å¹ï¥ß¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¶¾½®©[¯u²z»P¦Û¥Ñ¡]ÃÒ¹D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1982¡^ pp.192-233; D.P. Fuller, Gospel and Law: Contrast of Continuum,
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980); Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His
Theology, (Eerdmans, 1975) pp.130-158; C.E.B. Cranfield, "St Paul and
The Law, Scottish Journal of Theology 17(1964): 43-68; Kenneth L.
Barker, "False Dichotomies Between The Testaments", JETS
25(1982): 3-16; Richard N. Longenecker, "The Pedagogical Nature of The Law
in Galatians 3:19-4:7", JETS 25(1982) 63-74.
74 °Ñ¾\E.P. Sandera, "Judaism and the Grand
'Christian" Abstractions: Love, Mercy, and Grace", Interpretation
39(1985): 357-372.
75 ©Ô¤ñ¤åÄm¤Þ¦ÛC.G.Montefiore and H. Loewe, A
Rabbinic Anthology(New York, 1974)²Ä¤T³¹¡Cë¤å¤D±qSiddur Avodst Israel, ¦ýÃþ¦üªº¤º¤å¥R¥¸¤@¯ë¬èë¤å¡C¤W¨Òªº¨C¤é¨£ÃÒ«üShem¡]¥Ó¤»\cs
76 O.M.T. O'Donovan, "Towards an
Interpretation of Biblical Ethics", Tyndale Bulletin 27(1976): 59.
77 ¹ï«ßªk¤T¤Àªº½èºÃ°Ñ¾\Wenham, pp.32-37.
78 ¡u¤£³ß·R²½ªÁ¡v¨Ã«D§_©w§»öªº»ùÈ¡A¤D¬O§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¤ñ¸ûªº¥y¦¡¡A»¡©ú¹D¼w¨}µ½¤ñ¸û²½ªÁ§»ö§ó«n¡A¯Ê¥F¹D¼w¤ä«ùªºÂ§»ö¬OªÅ¯BµL®Ä¡C¦ó¦èªü®Ñ¥Dn¬O¥Î¸Öºq¤åÅéªí¹F¯«ªº±Ò¥Ü¡A«ö¦P¸q¥¦æ¥yªº¤è¦¡¡A¤U¥y¸ÑÄÀ¤W¥y¡A¡u³ß·R»{Ãѯ«¡A³Ó©óêO²½¡v¡A¤W¥yªº¤£³ß·R²½¯ªªº¡u¤£¡v¡A¬Ûµ¥©ó¡u³Ó¡v©óêO²½¡A¥i¨£³o¤D¤ñ¸ûªº¥yªk¡C½Ð°Ñð¦ö¤§¦ó¦èªü®ÑµùÄÀ¡]¤Ñ¹D¡A1984¡^ pp.142. 144; ³¯²×¹D¡A¦ó¦èªü®ÑÁ¿¸q¡]¤Ñ¹D¡A1981¡^ pp.67-68.
À³¥Îªº±Ð°V
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1.¼¯¦èªº«ß¨Ò¡A±j½Õ¥Á±Úªº±R«ô¡AÀ³¶°¤¤¤@¯S§O«ü©w¡AC©MµØ¿ï¾Üªº¦a¤è¡]¥Ó¤Q¤G5¡B11¡B13-14¡B18¡B21¡A¤Q¥|23¡A¤Q¤»2¡B11¡B16¡A¤Q¤C10¡A¤Q¤K6µ¥¡^¡F¦ý¦Û±q¥Üù¨S¸¨«á¡A¼»¤ð¦Õ¨µ°j¦U³B¡A»E¶°·|²³·q«ô¡]¦Ì´µ¤Ú¡A¼»¤W¤C9¡B12¡A¤Q17¡F¦N¥Ò¡A¤Q¤@15¡F§B§Q«í¡A¤Q¤»5¡F®¿§B¡A¼»¤W¤Ü¤@¡^
2.§Q¥¼°O¤@³¹5-6¸`«ü¥X¡AÄm²½ªº¤H¶·¿Ë¤â®_±þ¬¹¯b¡Aé¥Ö©M²M°£¤ºÅ¦¡A¦ý®É¦Ü§Æ¦è®a®É¥N¡A³o¨Çµ{§Ç¤w¥Ñ²½¥qt³d¡A¨Ã¥B¦b¯S§O±¡ªp¤U¡A§Q¥¼¤H¤]°Ñ»PÀ°§U¡]¥N¤U¤Ü¤E34¡^¡A«á¨Ó§Q¥¼¤H§ó§¹¥þ±µ¤â°õ¦æ³o´X¶µÄm²½¨BÆJ¡]¥N¤U¤Ê17¡A¤Ê¤5-11¡Fµ²¥|¤Q¥|11¡^¡C
3.®Ú¾Ú¥Á¤E6-7¡A¤Z¤£¦Û¼äªº¤H¤£¯à¦u¹O¶V¸`¡A¦ý§Æ¦è®a«o²@¤£µSºÃ¦a§h©J¥¼¦Û¼äªÌ¦u¸`¡A¦V¯«Ã«§i¨D¯«¼e®e¡]¥N¤U¤Ê13-22¡^¡C
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«e±§ÚÌ»¡¹L§Q¥¼°O¬O¤@¥»¤Q¤Àª`«ªk«ßªº¸g¨å¡A¥¦¬Æ¦Ü©ó±qÀY¦Ü§À©Ò°Q½×°O¸üªº¡A³£¬O»Pªk«ß¦³ÃöªºªF¦è¡A«Ü¤Ö¯A¤Î¾ú¥vªºÃD§÷¡C§Ú̳£©Ó»{¥@¬É¨S¦³¤@±ø¤H¬°ªºªk«ß¬O¤@¦¨¤£Åܪº¡A¥¦¥²¶·nÀHú¦®É¥N«e¶i¡A¤S¥²¶·«ö·Ó®É¥Nªº§ïÅÜ©Mºt¶i¡A°w¹ï®É¥Nªº»Ýn¡BÀô¹ÒªºÅܾE¡A¦Ó¥[¥H×¥¿¡B§ï²¡B§R°£©Î¥[²K¡F»P¤H̥ͬ¡¦³ú¦±K¤ÁÃö«Yªº©v±Ð§»öªk«ß§ó¬O¦p¦¹¡A¥¦¥²¶·n¤é·s¤ë²§ªº¥[¥H§ïµ½¡A»P®ÉѶi¡A»PÀô¹Òºt¶i¡C¤j¤½±Ð·|¤º³\¦hªk«ß±ø¤åªº×¥¿¡A¥H¤Î§»ö¤¤³\¦h§³WªººtÅÜ¡A¤£¬O«Ü¦nªº¨Ò¤l¶Ü¡H½Ö¤]ª¾¹D¡A¥H¦â¦C¥Á¦bÃm³¥¤¤ªº¥Í¬¡Àô¹Ò¡A»P¶i¸t¦a«áªº©w©~¥Í¬¡¡A¬O¤j²§¨ä½ì¡A~µM¤£¦Pªº¡C¨äªk«ß±ø¤å¦]¦¹¦³©Ò§ó§ï¡A¤S¦³¬Æ»ò¥iȱoÅå©_ªº©O¡H¤£¹L§ÚÌnª¾¹D¡A©v±Ð·q§¤Wªº§ï²©MºtÅÜ¡A¤j³¡¬O¥~ªí§Î¦¡¤WªººtÅÜ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¨ä©T¦³¥»½èªº§ïÅÜ¡A¤£µM¨ä©v±Ð¤§¥»¨¤]n§ïÅÜ¡A¦Ó¤£¦A¬Oì¨Ó¤W¥D©Ò±Ò¥Üªº©v±Ð¤F¡C82
79 @n'a; ³o¦r»P¤Q»|¤£¥i«Á²]¬O¦P¤@§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¦r¡C
80 ¥Î¥ÛÀY¥´¦ºªº¸o¦æ¥]¬A«ô°¸¹³¨¸¯«¡]¥Ó¤Q¤T10-11¡A¤Q¤C5-8¡^¡AÁ¶Âp¯«ªº¦W¡]§Q¤Ü¥|14¡B23¡^¡AÁ¶Âp¦w®§¤é¡]¥Á¤Q¤35-36¡^¡AÊÞ°f¤£§µ¡]¥Ó¤Ü¤@21¡^¡C¦¹¥~¡A³g¨ú¸t·µ°]ª«¤Î°dŽg§g¤ý¡A®Ú¾Ú®Ñ¤C25¤Î¤ý¤W¤Ü¤@10¡A¤]À³¥Î¥ÛÀY¥´¦º¡C
81 °ÑM. Greenberg, "Some Postulates of
Biblical Criminal Law", Y. Kaufmann Jibilee Volume(ed. M. Haran;
82 ¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡]«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A1985¡^ p.8.¤å¤¤Y¤z¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¦Wµü©M½Ķ¡A¬°¤è«KŪªÌ¡A§ï¬°°ò·þ±ÐºD±`¦r¥y¡C
¶H¼x(Symbol)
§Q¥¼°Oªº«ß¨Ò¡A¤×¨ä¬OÄm²½·q«ôªºÂ§»ö¡A¦ü¥G°£¤F¼¯¦è®É¥N¥~¡A¥H«á¥@¥N³£¤£¯à§¹¥þ«ö«ßªk¤å¥y¥þ³¡¹ê¦æ¡A¦ý³oÓÀ³¥Îªº§xÃø«o¤£ÄÌÂZ¾ú¥Nªº«H®{¡C¦b¬ùÅ|¶°¥¿¨åªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A83¥ý½å²@µLµSºÃ¦a±N¥j¤[»·¡B¬Æ¦Ü¤@¨Ç¤w¸gÅܦ¨Á¼¹Îªº¦rÃã¡]¨Ò¦p´XÓ·òºÆªº¦rµü¡Aªü¼»Âm°Çµ¥¡^©M¸g¤w§óÅܪºÂ§»ö¤Î²ßºD«O¦s¤U¨Ó¡C¬Æ¦Ü¦b¥D«á70¦~¤§«á¡A²Ä¤GÓ¸t·µ³Qù°¨x·´·À¡A¼¯¦èÄm²½«ß¨Ò©úÅã¤wµLªk¹ê¦æ¡A§Q¥¼°O¤´µM¬OµS¤Ó¤H·¥«nªº¸g¨å¡AµS¤Ó±Ð613±ø»|«ß¤¤ªº247±ø(Gen.
Rabbah 3:5)¬O®Ú¾Ú§Q¥¼°O»sq¡A84¦b¥L¦Õ¥Ø(Talmud)¤¤¤]¦³®t¤£¦h¦P¼Ëªº¦Ê¥÷¤ñ¨ú§÷§Q¥¼°O¥[¥Hµo´§¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A«öµS¤Ó±Ðªº¶Ç²Î¡A¨àµ£¦b¾Ç®Õ¾Ç²ßªº²Ä¤@¨÷®Ñ´N¬O§Q¥¼°O(Lev. Rabbah 7:3)¡C¤j¬ù¦b¥D«á²Ä¤G¥@¬ö¶}©l¡AµS¤Ó±Ðªº±Ð®v85(Tannaim)´NºÙ§Q¥¼°O¬°¨º¤@¥»®Ñ\cs16(Sifra)¡A¦Ü©ó¥Á¼Æ°O¤Î¥Ó©R°O¥uºÙ¨ä¥Lªº®Ñ(Sifrei)¡C86
¨ä¹ê²Ä¤G¸t·µ³Q·´¤§«e¡AµS¤Ó«H®{¤w±j½Õ§Q¥¼°OªºÀ³¥Î¡A«D«ö¤å¥y¡A¦Ó¥¿¦p«Où©Ò»¡¡A¥²¶·«öºë·N¡A§»öÅã¥Ü¤ßÆF¹Òªp¤Î¤H»P¯«ªº«H¥õÃö«Y¡C®t¤£¦h»PC¿q¦P®ÉªºÔÚù(Philo)¡A87´N¬O¥H¶H¼x¸Ñ§Q¥¼°O©v±Ð§»öªºªíªíªÌ¡A¨Ò¦p½×¤ÎÄm²½ªº¬¹¯b¡A¥L«ü¥X¥u¦³®a¯b³Ì¬X¶¶ªº³¶³¾¤~¦X¥G¼Ð·Ç¡A¨Ã¥B¥²¶·¬O¨S¦³·å²«¡A³o¨Ç±ø¥ó¶H¼xÄm²½ªÌ¥²¶·¨¤ß°·¥þ¡A¬O¯«®aùتº¤H¡A¨Ã¥B¤ß¦s¶¶ªA¤~±o»X®®¯Ç¡F88µS¤Ó¤H¥²¶·²b¤Æ±¡ºü©M²æ°£´c²ß¡A¿Ëªñ²½¾Â¤~¦³·N¸q¡A89¦Ó´c¤H§Y¨Ï«ö¨¬Â§»öÄm¤W¤d¦Ê²½ª«¡A¤´¬°¯«©Ò©Ú¡C90¤Î¦Ü¸t·µ³Q·´¡A·q«ô§»ö·íµMµLªk«ö§Q¥¼°O±ø¤å¿í¦u¡A¶H¼x´N¦¨¤F¥Dnªº¸ÑÄÀ³~®|¡Aºë¬ã«ßªk(Torah)´N¬OÄm²½ªº·N¸q¡A91¨Ò¦p©Ô¤ñ±j½Õ²½ªÁ³W±øÅã¥Ü¯«»P¨ü¢®`ªÌ¦P¦b¡A¤û³Q·à¤l°l±þ¡A¤s¦Ï³Q°\°l¡A¦Ï«o¬O¯TÂyª«¡A©Ò¥H¯«§h©J¡G¡u¤£¥iÄm¤W°l±þ¤Hªº¡A¥u¥iÄm¤W³QÀ£¢ªº¡C¡v92³¶³¾³s¦Ð¤ò¤@¦PÄm¤W¡A¶H¼x½a¤H¤£³QÂƵø¡A©Ò¥H¥Lªº²½«~©ñ¦b¾Â«e¡A¬O¥Rº¡¬üÄRªº¦â±m¡F93ÆQ¬O¯À²½¤£¥i¯Ê¤Ö¤§ª«¡Aªí¥Ü¨üWªº¹D¼w·N¸q¡A¯à¼ä²b¤H©M¨Ï¸o±o³j¡C94
¤¤°ê«H®{«ö¬ù©w¸q¡A¬O¥~¨¹¤H¡A¨S¦³µS¤Ó¤H¦å²Î¡A¦ÛµM¤£¥²Ä~©ÓµS¤Ó¶Ç²Î¡Aªp¥B³B¨·s¬ù®É¥N¡A·íµM¤£·|«ö§Q¥¼°OªºÂ§»ö±ø¤å§@¬°·q«ô¼Ò¦¡¡CÁöµM§Æ§B¨Ó¸t¸g¨Ã¨S¦³¶H¼x©Îªí°O³o¦Wµü¡A95°qÄ_ÆF(F.E.Gaebelein)«ü¥X¡A¶H¼x/ªí°O¦b¬ù©M·s¬ùùس£¦³«n¦ì¸m¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº°O¸¹¡]twoOa ~o^th¨Ò¦p³Ð¤@14¡A¤E13¡^¡A©_¨Æ¡] tPewOm mo^pe{th¨Ò¦pÒ¤G30¡^¹ê¦b¬Oªí¼xªº·N«ä¡A·s¬ùªº¯«ÂÝ¡]shmeion
se{meion¡^°ò¥»´N¬O°O¸¹¤§·N¡A¥]¬A¶H¼x/ªí°Oªº§t·N¡C96©Ò¥H°ò·þ±Ðªº¸t¸g¾ÇªÌ¦b¸ÑÄÀ§Q¥¼°O©v±Ð§»öªº¸g¤å¡A¤Ö¤£§K¹B¥Î¶H¼xªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¦Ó¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¼¯¦è±Ò¥Ü¦³Ãö·q«ôªº¦rµü¡A´N¦p·|¹õ°£¤F¬O±b¹õ¡]lh,ao ~o{hel¡^¥~¡A§óºÙ¬°©~©Ò¡] @K;v]mi Mishka{n¡^¡A¥Î·í®É¤H±`¥Îªº©~¦í¤è¦¡¡A¶H¼x¯«ªº¦P¦b¡A©Ò¥H¸t·µ¤SºÙ¬°C©MµØªº®a( hzhy tyBe be^th-yahweh)¡A¶³¬Wªº¥h¯d¤D¯««ü¤Þªºªí°Oµ¥¡A97¥i¨£¬ã¨s§Q¥¼°Oªº¤@Ó¤èªk¡A´N¬O«ä·Q·q«ôµ{§Ç©Îª««~©Òªí¹Fªº¶H¼x§t·N¡C98
83 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament,
pp.260-288; W.S.
84 Milgrom, "Book of
Leviticus", p.138. 613±ø»|©R¤º¤å¤Î¸g¤å°ÑA.H. Rabi. nowitz, "The 613 Comments" Encycl. Jud. 5:
760-783.
85 Tannaim¬O¥D«á20¦Ü200¦~®É´Át³d¼¶¼gµù¸ÑµS¤Ó¶Ç²ÎMishnahªº¾ÇªÌ¡C°ÑD.
Sperber, "Tannaim", Encycl. Jud. 15: 798-803.
86 ¦Pµù84.
87 ¦³Ãö´´Ã¹ªº«ä·Q¡A°Ñ¾\¸g¨å¤§§@J.Drummond Philo Judaeus, 2
vols.(London: Williams & Norgate, 1888)©MH.A. Wolfson, Philo 2
vols(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1947). ¸û²³æ«o¥i¾aªºÁ`½×¦³S.G.
Sowers, The Hermeneutics of Philo and Hebrews, (Richmond: John Knox,
1965)
88 Specialibus Legibus: 112-256.
89 166-167, 257.
90 271.
91 cf. Lev. Rabbah 7; °ÑChilds, Introduction
to OT As Scripture pp.187-188
92 Lev. Rabbah. 27:5.
93 Lev. RAbbah. 3: 5.
94 Ber.
95 ^¤åsymbol·½¦Û§Æþ¤åsunbolon ¡A³o¦r¨S¦³¦b·s¬ù¥X²{¡C
96 E.F. Gaebelein, "Symbolism,
Symbol", ZPEB V: 551.
97 Milton S. Terry, Biblical
Hermeneutics, (1880, Zondervan, reprinted 1974) pp.359-368µ¹¤©·|¹õ©M¨äª««~ºë±mªº¶H¼x¸ÑÄÀ¡C
98 ¶H¼xªº¸ÑÄÀªk½Ð°Ñ¾\Terry, ibid, pp.347-368; Berkeley
Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible pp.265-279; Äõ©i¡A°ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡App.214-220.
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¹wªí¸ò¶H¼x/ªí°O¬Û·í±µªñ¡A¤]¬O°ò·þ±ÐÀ³¥Î§Q¥¼°Oªº¯S¦â¡A¬OµS¤Ó±Ðùا䤣¨ìªº¸Ñ¸g¤èªk¡C¦]¬°¥L̨䣱µ¨ü¹wªí©Ò«ü¡A°O¸ü¦b·s¬ù¸t¸gªº°ò·þ¡C
ÁöµM¬ù¨S¦³©ú½Tªº»¡©ú¡A§»ö¨ã¦³¹wªíªº·N¸q¡A¦ý´N¦p¥ô¦ó¬ù¤Hª«¡B¨Æ±¡ªº¹wªí¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¦b¯«ªº±Ò¥Ü¤¤»â®©¡A¤@¨Ç¦b¯««ü©w±N¨Óªº®É¶¡¤~¹üÅ㪺±Ð°V¡C¦]¬°·s¬ù²M·¡´£¨ì¬ù§»öªº¹wªí©Ê¡A©Ò¥H¥i¥H¬Û«H¼¯¦è©M¬ù«H®{¡A§Y¨Ï¼ÒÝí¤£²M¡AÁ`·|»{ÃÑ¥LÌÁ|¦æªºÂ§»ö¤D¬O¹wªí¡C
§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñªº§@ªÌ±N§»ö¹wªí©Êµo´§±o²OºvºÉP¡C¥L¹B¥Î¤F´XÓ¤£¦Pªº¦rÃã§Î®e·|¹õ§»ö¡A¤j²½¥q¦p¦ó¹wªí¯«ªº¨à¤lC¿q©Ò³]¥ßªº·s·q«ô¡Cº¥ý¡A°ò·þ®{ªº¤j²½¥q¡u¤w¸g§¤¦b¤Ñ¤W¦Ü¤jªÌÄ_®yªº¥kÃä¡A¦b¸t©Ò¡A´N¬O¯u±b¹õùØ¡A§@°õ¨Æ¡A³o±b¹õ¬O¥D©Ò¤äªº¡A¤£¬O¤H©Ò¤äªº¡C¡v¡]¨Ó¤K1-2¡^§Æþ¤åªº¯u¦r(' alhqino" )¬O¯u¥¿¡B²z·Q¡B¯Â¥¿ªº·N«ä¡C99¬ù·|¹õ·Ç³Æ¥H¦â¦C¤H¥h¤F¸Ñ¯u·|¹õ¡C
½×¨ì¼¯¦è«ßªkªºÂ§»ö¡A§@ªÌ»¡¡G¡u¥L̬x©^ªº¨Æ¡A¥»¬O¤Ñ¤W¨Æªº§Îª¬©M¼v¹³¡A¥¿¦p¼¯¦è±Nn³y±b¹õªº®ÉÔ¡A»X¯«Åå§Ù¥L»¡¡G§AnÂÔ·V¡A§@¦U¼Ëªºª«¥ó¡A³£n·Óú¦¦b¤s¤W«ü¥Ü§Aªº¼Ë¦¡¡C¡v¡]¤K5¡^³o¸`¸t¸g¤¤¡A¥X²{¤F¤TÓ¹wªíªº¦rÃã¡G§Îª¬¡B¼v¹³©M¼Ë¦¡¡C¤¤¤å¦ü¥G¬O«ü¤£¨ã¹êÅ骺µøı´º¶H¡A¦ý§Æþì¤å«o¤£¬O³o¼Ë¡C§Î¹³( uJpodeigma hupodeigma)¬O¤@ºØ¼Ð¥Ü¡A©Î¥Nªí¡B¹Ï§Î¡B¥é¦L¡B¼Ë«~¡F100¼v¹³( skia skia)¬O¥Ñ±b´×¡] skhnh ske{ne{¡^¤Þ¦ù¥X¨Ó¡A·N«ä¬O¯ó¹Ï¡B³t¼g¹Ïµe¡B½ü¹ø¡B§ë®g¹Ï¡F101¼Ë¦¡ªº§Æþ¤å¤D tupo" Tupos´N¬O^¤åtype³o¦rªº¦r®Ú¡C¤¤¤å¤@¯ë±N³o¦r½Ķ§@¹wªí¡A·N«ä¬O¨Æ¹ê¥½¥X²{©Îµo¥Í¤§«eªº¹w¥ýªí¹F¡A¬O¹w§i(prediction)ªº¤@ºØ¡A102©Ò¥HÄõ©iªí¥Ü¡A¹wªí¬O¹w¨¥ªº¶H¼xªí°O¡v¡A103©Î¬O¼w¸Å®](A.B.Davidson)»¡ªº¡G¡u¹wªí¤D¹w¨¥ªº¤@ºØ¡C¡v104¥i±¤³oÓ¤¤¤å½Ķ¤£¤j¥¿½T¡A¨Ã¥B¤ÞP¤@¯ë«H®{¹ï¬ù¡A¤×¨ä¬O§»ö²£¥Í«Ü¦h°¾®tªºÆ[©À¡C¨ä¹ê tupo"u typos´N¦n¹³^¤åªºtype¦rªº·N«ä¡A105¬O¨è¥X¨Óªº²ª¡A¥´¦¨ªº¹Ï§Î¡B¦L²ª¡B¨ÒÃÒ¡B¼Ò«¬¡BÃþ«¬ªº·N«ä¡A²@µL¹w§iªº§t·N¡C106§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ³o¸`¸t¸g¬O¤Þ¥Î¥X¤Ü¤40¡A¸Ó³B¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»¥Htupo"u ??107¨Ó½Ķ§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº tynIk}Te \}tabn|^th¡A·N«ä¬O¼Ò«¬¡C108¨Ó¤E25¡B
¦b²Ä¤E³¹¤¤¡A§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ§@ªÌ´y¼g±b¹õªº³]³Æ¡A·í¥L§Î®e¤j²½¥q¦b·|¹õùتºÂ¾³d¡A¥L¥[¤W¤@¥yµû»y¡G¡u¸tÆF¥Î¦¹«ü©ú¡AÀY¤@¼h±b¹õ¤´¦³ªº®ÉÔ¡A¶i¤J¦Ü¸t©Òªº¸ôÁÙ¥¼Åã©ú¡AÀY¤@¼h±b¹õ§@²{¤µªº¤@Óªí¼Ë¡A©ÒÄmªºÂ§ª«©M²½ª«¡A´Nú¦¨}¤ß»¡¡A³£¤£¯à¥s§«ôªº¤H±o¥H§¹¥þ¡C³o¨Ç¨Æ³s¨º¶¼¹©M½Ñ¯ë¬~ÀÞªº³W¯x¡A³£¤£¹L¬OÄݦ×Å骺±ø¨Ò¡A©R©w¨ì®¶¿³ªº®ÉÔ¬°¤î¡C¡v¡]8-10¸`¡^ªí¼Ë¡] parabolh parabole{¡^¬OC¿q±`¥Îªº¤@Ó¦r¡A·N«ä¬O¤ñ¸û¡B¨Ò¤l¡B¤ñ³ë¡C110§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ§@ªÌ¥Î³o¦r¥y»¡©ú¡A¬ùªº·q«ô¨t²Î¬O²{¤µ·q«ôªº¤ñ³ë©Î¨Ò¤l¡CÁöµM°ò·þ±a¨Ó¤F®¶¿³ªº§ó·s®ÉÔ¡A111¦ý²{¤µªº·q«ô¤D¬O«ö·Ó¬ù§»öªº¨Ò¤l¶i¦æ¡C
µy«á§@ªÌÁ`µ²·s·q«ô»¡¡G¡u·Óú¦¤Ñ¤W¼Ë¦¡( uJpodeigma hupodeigma)§@ªºª«¥ó¡A¥²¶·¥Î³o¨Ç²½ª«¥h¼ä²b¡C¦ý¨º¤Ñ¤Wªº¥»ª«¡A¦ÛµM·í¥Î§ó¬ü²½ª«¥h¼ä²b¡A¦]¬°°ò·þ¨Ã¤£¬O¶i¤F¤H¤â©Ò³yªº¸t©Ò¡C¡]³o¤£¹L¬O¯u¸t©Òªº¼v¹³¡^¤D¬O¶i¤F¤Ñ°ó¡C¦p¤µ¬°§ÚÌÅã¦b¯«±«e¡C¡v¡]¤E23-24¡^¼v¹³ªº§Æþ¤å¬O ajntitupo" antitupos^¤å³q±`µÄ¶¬°anti-type¡A·N«ä¬O¤ÏÀ»¡B¦^µ¡B¤Ï®g¡B¼Ò»sª«¡B¹ïºÙª«¡A112´N¬O¼¯¦è¦b¤s¤W©Ò¨£ªº¼Ë¦¡¡]¤K5¡^¡C¼v¹³»P¼Ë¦¡À³¸Ó¬O¦P¸qµü¡A»¡©ú¸t©Ò¬O¤Ñ¤W¯u·|¹õªº¼Ò«¬¡C¸òú¦¡A§@ªÌ¤S»¡¡G¡u«ßªk¬J¬O±N¨Ó¬ü¨Æªº¼v¨à¡A¤£¬O¥»ª«ªº¯u¹³¡AÁ`¤£¯àÂÇú¦¨C¦~±`Äm¤@¼Ëªº²½ª«¡A¥s¨ºªñ«e¨Óªº¤H±o¥H§¹¥þ¡C¡v¡]¤Q1¡^¼v¨à( skia skia)»P¯u¹³¡] eivkwn eiko{n¡^ªº¤ñ¸û¡A´N¦pµe®aªº¯ó¹Ï½ü¹ø¤ñ¸ûµe¦n¤Fªºµe¹³¡C«ßªk¡A¥]¬A·q«ô§»ö¬O¯«±Ï®¦ªº¯ó¹Ï¡A¦ÓC¿q°ò·þ¹D¦¨¦×¨¡A§¹¦¨¤F¯«±Ï®¦ªºµe¹³¡A±N¤H¤£¯à¨£ªº¯«ºaÄ£¬¡²{¥X¨Ó¡]¬ù¤@18¡^¡C³z¹L§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ§@ªÌ²`¨èªºÄÄÄÀ¡A¬ù·q«ô§»öªº¹wªí©Ê©úÅã¥i¨£¡C¤U¹Ï©Î³\¥i§U±N¤Wz§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñ©Ò´£¤Î¡A·|¹õ¤Î§»öªº¹wªíÆ[©À¤¶²Ð¡G
99 ·s¬ù§Æþ¤å¦³¨âÓ¦r½Ķ¬°¯u ajlhqh ¬Oµê°²ªº¬Û¤Ï ajlhqino" «h¬O¯Â¯u¡A¬O»P¦³·å²«ªº¤ñ¸û¡A°ÑTrench, Synonyms
of the New Testament, pp.26-30; cf Bultmann " avlhqinov" ",
TDNT I: 249-250; F.F. Bruce, The Epistle To The Hebrews, p.163.
100 ·sĶ¥»¡B²{¥N¤¤¤åĶ¥»¡G°Æ¥»¡F§f®¶¤¤¡G¥é¥»¡F¿½ÀR¤s¡G¹Ï¹³¡F«ä°ª¡G¼Ò«¬¡C³o´XÓ§Æþ¦r©M¦X¥»¦U¦³´XÓ¤£¦PªºÂ½Ä¶¡A½Ð°Ñ³¯²×¹D«ç¼Ë¬ãŪ¸t¸g¡]¤¤«H¡A1980¡^ pp.184-185.
101 Äõ©i¡A¸t¸g¸ÑÄÀ¾Ç¡]´_¿³¹Î«´¥Xª©³¡¡A1959¡^ p.183.
102 ¨Ò¦p´^¤Ú¹yµÛ¶Àº~´ËĶ¬ù¯«¾Ç¡]ºØ¬ó¡A1987¡^ p.451¡A¬ùªº¹w¨¥¤@¯ë¥i¤À¬°¨âÃþ¡A»¡¸Üªº¤Î¦æ°Êªº¡C¦æ°Êªº¹w¨¥¤S¤À¹êª«ªº±Ð§÷»P¹wªí¡C¹êª«±Ð§÷¬O¨Æ¥ó¦Û©ú¡]©Î©ö©ú¡^ªº¹w¨¥¡A¨äÀ³Åç¥ç¬Û¶Z¤£»·¡F¹wªí«h»P¯«¦b¸û»·¤§±N¨Ó¤~¦¨´Nªº±Ï®¦¦³Ãö¡C
103 °ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡Ap.212.
104 Old Testament Prophecy, p.210.
105 Webster Dictionary¨Ñµ¹ªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O:
"The mark, or impression of something; a distinctive, stamp, sign, emblem;
a figure or representation of something to come; a token, sign, symbols. The
general character, form, or structure common to a number of individuals and
distinguishing them as a class, group or kind; '±ç¹ê¬î¥D½s³Ì·s¹ê¥Î^º~Ãã¨å¡]»·ªF¹Ï®Ñ¤½¥q¡A1968¡^ p.2215ªºÂ½Ä¶¬O¡G«¬¡B«¬¦¡¡B¼Ë¦¡¡BÃþ«¬¡B¨å«¬¡B¼Ò½d¡Bªí²v¡B¥Nªíª«¡B¼Ð¥»¡C
106 °ÑGoppelt, " tupo" " TDNT
VIII: 246-259; H. Mu/ller, "Type, Pattern", DNTT 3:
903-907.
107 ¾ã¥»Â¬ù¤C¤Q¤hĶ¥»¥u¥Î¨â¦¸tupo" ¡A¥t¤@³B¬O¼¯¤26ªº°¸¹³¡A¥i¨£¦´ÁµS¤Ó¤H¤ß¤¤¡Atupo" ¨Ã¨S¦³¹w¨¥ªº§t·N¡C
108 §f®¶¤¤Ä¶¥»¡C³o§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¬O«ü«Ø¿vª«©ÎÀJ¨è¡C
109 ¤júÒÄw¹º¿³«Ø¸t·µ®É»¡¡G¡u³o¤@¤Á¤u§@ªº¼Ë¦¡¡] tynIk}Te §Y¼¯¦è©Ò¨£ªº«ü¥Ü¡^¡A³£¬OC©MµØ¥Î¤â¹º¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ï§Ú©ú¥Õªº¡C¡v¡]¥N¤W¤Ü¤K19¡^¡A¥i¨£¼Ë¦¡¬O¤@¥ó¹êª«¡A¥i¨Ñ°ÑÆ[¡C
110 Hauch, " parabolh ", TDNT V: 744-761; C.H.
Peisker & C. Brown, "Parable, Allegory, Proverb", DNTT 2:
743-756.
111 ®¶¿³ªº§Æþ¤å diorvqw" diorthosis·N«äת½¡B«¾ã¡B·s¨î«×¡F·sĶ¥»¡G§ó·s¡F§d²×ºµ¡G²·s¡C
112 °Ñµù106.
¸ÑÄÀ¹wªí
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²Ä¤GÂI¸ÑÄÀ¹wªíÀ³ª`·Nªº¨Æ¶µ¡A´N¬O°£¤F¬ù¹wªí¾ú¥v¥±©Ê(horizontal)«ü¦V·s¬ùÀ³Å窺¹êÅé¥~¡A¤]¤£¥i©¿²¤««ª½½u(vertical)±N¤Ñ¤WÄÝÆFªº¯uÅéªí¹ü¡C¥¿¦p»\¥H¥Í(Walter C. Kaiser, Jr)ªº·N¨£¡G
·s¬ù¦³¤¬q¸g¤å¡A¯àÅã¥Ü¸t¸g¹B¥Î¹wªíµ²ºc( tupo" structure)ªº·N¸q¡C´N¬OªL«e¤Q1-13¡Aù¤12-21¡A©¼«e¤T18-21¡A¨Ó¤K5©M¤E24¡C
¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A«e¤T¬q¡]ªL«e¤Q¡Fù¤©M©¼«e¤T¡^¥i¦C¬°¥±(horizontal)©Î¦a¤W¾ú¥v©Ê(earthly-historical)¹wªíµ²ºc¡C§Æ§B¨Ó®Ñªº¨â¬q¸g¤å«o¥iºÙ¬°««ª½¡]vertical¡A¦a¤W¢w¢w¤Ñ¤W¡eearth-heaven¡f¡^ªº¹wªíµ²ºc¡C115³o¨âºØµ²ºcªº¤À§O¤£¤Ó¨üª`·N¡A¦]¬°¦h¼Æ¸t¸g¹wªíªº¬ã¨s³£¶°¤¤°Q½×¥±¾ú¥v©Êªº¹wªí¡A¦Ó©¿²¤««ª½½uªº¹wªí¨Ò¤l¡C116
¤W¹Ï¥i¥H§â¹wªí««ª½½u¡]¦a¤W¢w¢w¤Ñ¤W¡^ªº¯«¾Ç·N¸qÅã¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C¬ù·|¹õ¤Î§»ö(A)¥±¾ú¥v©Ê¦a¹wªí·s¬ùªº¨â¼Ë¨Æª«¡G(l)A¬O¼v¨à¡] skia skia¤Q1¡^¡A¹wªíB¡AC¿q°ò·þ¹D¦¨¦×¨©Ò¦¨´N±Ï®¦ªº¯u¹³¡] ejikona eikona¤Q1¡^¡F(2)A¬Oªí¼Ë¡] parabulh parabule{ ¤E9¡^¡A¦¨¬°E²{¤µ·q«ôªº¼Ò¼Ë¡C
¦Ü©ó««ª½½uªº¹wªí¡AA¬O¡u¤Ñ¤W¨Æªº§Îª¬©M¼v¹³¡v¡]¤K5¡^¡A¶H¼x¼¯¦è¦b¤s¤W©Ò±oªº«ü¥Ü(C)¡A¦ý«o«D³æ¯Âªº¶H¼x¡A¦]¬°¼¯¦è©Ò¨£ªº¨Ã«D¯u¹³¥»Åé¡AC¤D¬O¼Ë¦¡¡] tupo" tupos¤K5¡F upupodeigma
hupodeigma¤E23¡^¡A¤]¬O¼v¹³( ajntitupo"
antitupos)¹wªíD¡A¡u¤Ñ¤Wªº¥»ª«¡v¡A¡u¤Ñ°ó¡v¡]¤E23¡B24¡^ªº¡u¯u±b¹õ¡v¡]¤K2¡A¤E24¡^¡A¦Ó³o¯u±b¹õ¤£¿ù¤w¦bB¡u¥½¥@Åã²{¤@¦¸¡v¡]¤E26¡^¡AÂÇú¦C¿q¡u¹D¦¨¤F¦×¨¦í¡]ì¤å·N«ä¤ä·f±b¹õ¡^¦b§Ṳ́¤¶¡¡v¡]¬ù¤@14¡^¡A¦ý¤Ñ¤W¯u±b¹õ±N§¹¥þÀ³Åç¦b¦a¤W¡A¡u¦V¨ºµ¥ÔÍ¢ªº¤H²Ä¤G¦¸Åã²{¡v¡]¤E28¡^¡A¨º®É¡u¬Ýþ¡A¯«ªº±b¹õ¦b¤H¶¡¡AÍ¢n»P¤H¦P¦í¡A¥LÌn§@Í¢ªº¤l¥Á¡A¯«n¿Ë¦Û»P¥L̦P¦b¡A§@¥L̪º¯«¡C¡v§Y¹Ï¤¤ªºF¡C
¥Ñ¦¹¬Ý¨Ó¡A¬ù·|¹õ¤Î§»ö¡A¤£³æ¬O¾ú¥v©Êªº¹wªí¡A¦b°ò·þ¤Î±Ð·|·q«ô¤¤À³Åç¡A¦P®É¤]¬O¤Ñ¤Wªº¹wªí¡A¬O¦b¥D¦A¨Ó«e¶W¶V®ÉªÅªºÄÝÆFì«h¡A¬O¯«p¹º¤Þ¾É«H®{¦¨´NÍ¢°ê«×ªº¦®·N¡C©Ò¥H¬ãŪ§Q¥¼°Oªº¹wªí¡A°£¤F´M¯Á·s¬ù¦p¦ó»¡©ú¦b°ò·þ¥Í¥©M·s¬ù±Ð·|¤¤À³Åç¡A§ó±o»{Ãѯ«³z¹L¬ù§¸q¡A±Ò¥Ü¤@¨Ç¬Æ»ò¥ÃùÚªº¯u²zì«h¡A¦¨¬°²{¥N«H®{´M¨D¯«ªº«ü¤Þ¡C¨f®³À±(John W. Drane)ªºµû»y¥i§@¬°³oÓ¹wªí«ÂIªºÁ`µ²¡G
§ÚÌ¥i¥H¹ïªñ¥N°Q½×³oÃD¥Øªº±¡ªpªí¥Ü¤@¨Ç¤£º¡·N¡C©Ò¿×ªºÂ¬ù¡u¹wªí¡v¡A°ò¥»¨Ã«D«ü¾ú¥v¨Æ±¡®Ú¾Ú¤@Ó¤w©w«¬ªº¸`«µ¥[¥H¤ñ¸û¡A¦]¬°¥ýª¾´yzÀ³³\»PÀ³Å窺¤ñ¸û¡A¨Ã«D¬°§Ú̵ùÄÀ¾ú¥v¡A¦Ó¬O«ÅÁ¿¯«¦Û¤vªº©Ê®æ¡C¹ï¾ú¥v¨Ã¤£¦s§t¯«¯µ¦â±mªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¥¿¦p¥vµÞµn(J.D. Smart)ªº½×ÂI¡G¡y¥ýª¾ª¾¹D¯«±Nn¬I¦æªº§@¬°¡A¦]¬°¥L»{Ãѯ«¬O«ç¼Ëªº¡K¡K¥u«öú¦¯«±q°_ªì´NÀÀ©w¤@¤Á¨Æ±¡¤§¾ã½Lp¹º¨Ó¹w¨¥©MÀ³Å窺Æ[©À¡A§¹¥þ¹H¤Ï¤F¥ýª¾º¡¦³°Ê¤Oªº«H©À¡G¾ú¥v¤D³s¦êªº¾D¹J¡A¤£Â_n¨D¤H¦b¥Í©R©Î¦º¤`ªº¨â±ø¥i¯à¹D¸ô¤¤¿ï¾Ü¥h¦V¡C¡z117·s¬ù¤]®Ú¾Ú¦P¼Ë¸ô½u¥Î¬ù¡CµM¦Ó¥[ªG§Ú̺٩I³oºØ«·sµùÄÀ¬°¹wªí¡A§Ú̹ê¦b¶}©l«·s¬É©w³o¦rÃã¡A¦]¬°¤j¦h¤H¥H¬°¹wªí¬OÃþ¦ü´J·N(quasiallegorical)¸ÑÄÀªk¡A®v©Ó¦´Á±Ð¤÷¤Î¥L̪ºªù¥Íªº¤è¦¡¡C118
®Ú¾Ú¤Wzªº¨â¶µnÂI¡A¥»®ÑµùÄÀ³¡¥÷¹Á¸Õ¦b§Q¥¼°Oªº¸g¤å¤¤¡A¯S§O¬O¹wªí¡A°£¤F¤å·NÁ¿½×¡AÁÙª`·N¶H¼x¤Î¹wªíªº·N¸q¡A¥ø±æ¯à¹F¨ì¬f¦ó¤Ò(Berkhof)©Ò´£ÂIªºÄÀ¸g¥¿Å¡G
¬ùªº¹wªí¡A¦P®É¬O¶H¼x©M¹wªí¡F¦]¬°¥¦Ì¥»¨Ó³£¬Oªí¥ÜÄÝÆF¯u²zªº¶H¼x¡C³o¨Ç¶H¼x¬°¦P®É¥Nªº¤H©Òªí²{ªº¯u²z¡A»P¥¦Ì©Ò¹wªíªºªF¦è¡A¹ê¦b¤@¼Ë¡AÁöµM¨º¯u²z¦b±N¨Ó¹ê²{¤§®É¡A·|´£°ª¤ô·Ç¡C©Ò¥H¡A¤F¸Ñ¤@Ó¹wªíªº¾A·í¿ìªk¡A¦b©ó³z¹L¹ï©ó¶H¼xªº¬ã¨s¤~¦æ¡Cº¥ýn¸Ñ¨Mªº°ÝÃD¡A¬O¬ùªº¶H¼x¶ÇÖí¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº¹D¼w©ÎÆF©Ê¥H¬Æ»ò¯u²z¡C±©¿W¦b³oÓ°ÝÃD¦³¤Fº¡·NªºµªÂÐ¥H«á¡A¸Ñ¸gªÌ¤~¥i¥H¶i¤@¨B¥h°l¨s³o¯u²z¬O¦p¦ó¦b·s¬ùªº°ª¤@¯Å¤ô·Ç¤W¹ê²{ªº¡C³o¼Ë¡A¸ÑÄÀ¹wªíªº¾A·í«×¡A¥ß¨è´N¥i¥H½T©w¤F¡CY±N³oºØ¶iµ{ËÂà¹L¨Ó¦Ó±q·s¬ùªº¹ê²{¥h¶}©l¡A¥²·|¾ÉPºØºØ«j±j©M©Ç½Ïªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦³¨Ç¸Ñ¸gªÌ»{¬°»É³D¬O¤@ºØ½âª÷Äݳyªº¡A³o´N¹wªí°ò·þ¥~»ª¤Wªº¨õ·L¡F¥¦¬O©TÅé¡A³o¬O¶H¼xÍ¢¦³¯«ªº¤O¶q¡F¥¦¨S¦³¬Æ»ò¥ú¿A¡A³o¤S¹wªíÍ¢¨ü¨ì¤H©Ê¤è±ªº¾B½ª¡K¡K¹wªí»P¥»Å餧¶¡¡A¦³®Ú¥»ªº¤£¦P¡A³o¬O¥²¶·ª`·Nªº¤@¥ó¨Æ¡C¨ä¤@©Ò¥Nªíªº¯u²z¡A¦b¸û§Cªº¶¥¬q¤W¡A¥t¤@©Ò¥Nªíªº¯u²z¡A«h¦b¸û°ªªº¤ô¥¤W¡C¥Ñ¹wªí¹L¨ì¥»Å騺ùØ¥h¡A¤D¬O±q«µø¦×Å骺¶¥¬q¡A¤É¨ì¯Â¥þÄÝÆFªº¶¥¬q¡A±q¥~ªí¶i¤J¤ºùØ¡A±q²{¦b¹L¨ì±N¨Ó¡A±qÄݦaªºÂà¨ìÄݤѪº©Ò¦b¥h¡Cù°¨¤Ñ¥D±Ð¥H¬ùÄm²½ªº¥»Åé¦b©óÀ±¼»¡A¥H²½¥q¨î«×ªº¥»Åé¦b©ó¯«¨j©M¥D±Ð̪º¨Ï®{²Îºü¡A¤S¥H¤j²½¥qªº¥»Åé¦b©ó±Ð¬Ó¡A´N§â¤Wzªº¯u²z¡A§¹¥þ©¿µø¤F¡C119
114 R.T. France, Jesus and The Old
Testament, (IVP, 1971) pp.40-41.
115 Charles Hummel, "The Old Testament
Basis of Typological Interpretation", Bible Research 9(1964):
19-20; Richard M. Davidson, Typology in Scripture: A Study of Hermeneutical
Tupos Structure, (Berrin Springs, Mich.: (Andrews U., 1981) pp.99-100; 191.
116 Kaiser, The Use of The Old Testament
in the New, (Moody, 1985) p.111.
117 J.D. Smart, The Interpretation of
Scripture, (Westminister, 1961) p.104.
118 J.W. Drane, "Typology", p.206.
119 ¬f²ü¤Ò¡AÄÀ¸g¾Çì²z¡]®û·|¡A1967¡^ pp.143-144.
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120 §Q¤@2¡A¥|2¡B13¡A¤C23¡B29¡B34¡B36¡B38¡A¤E1¡B3¡A¤Q6¡B11¡B14¡A¤Q¤@2¡A¤Q¤G2¡A¤Q¤2¡B31¡A¤Q¤»5¡B16¡B17¡B19¡B21¡B34¡A¤Q¤C2¡B3¡B5¡B8¡B10¡B12¡B13¡B14¡A¤Q¤K2¡A¤Q¤E2¡A¤Ü2¡A¤Ü¤@24¡A¤Ü¤G2¡B3¡B15¡B18¡B32¡A¤Ü¤T2¡B10¡B24¡B34¡B42¡B43¡B44¡A¤Ü¥|2¡B8¡B10¡B15¡B23¡A¤Ü¤2¡B33¡B46¡B55¡A¤Ü¤»\cs1546¡A¤Ü¤C2¡B34¡C
121 ¨Ò¦p¥D±Ð¹Î§»ö©eû·|½sĶÀ±¼»¸g®ÑÁ`½×¡]¥x¥_¡G±Ð°È¨ó¶i·|¡A1982¡^; Max
Thurian & Geoffrey Waimwright, Baptism and Eucharist: Ecumenical
Convergence in Celebration, (World Council of Churches, 1983)
122 ³o§Æ§B¨Ó¤ådgn ·N«ä¬O«Å§i©Î©Ó»{¡A¦b«H¥õªº¤º®e¡A´N¬O»{«H¡A©À»w«H±ø¡C©Ò¥H³o¦r¤¤¤åªºÂ½Ä¶ÁÙ¦³¡uz»¡¡v¡B¡uÀ³³\¡v¡B¡u¶Ç´¡v¡B¡u«Å´¡v¡B¡u³¯»¡¡v¡B¡uÁn©ú¡v¡B¡u©Ó»{¡vµ¥«Å§i«H¥õªº¦æ°Ê¡C
123 ¹L¥h¤@Ó¥@¬ö¸Ö½g¬ã¨sªº¨ä¤¤¤@Ó½ÒÃD¡A´N¬O¸Ö½gªº¡u§Ú¡v¬OÓ¤H·P¨üªº§çµo¡A§í©Î¬O¡u¹ÎÅé¤@P¡v(corporate solidarity)ªº¤½²³·q«ô¡Ccf. R.E. Clements, A Century of Old Testament Study, (Revised
Edition)(Lutterworth Press, 1976) pp.100-103; H. Gunkel»{¬°¡u§Ú¡v¬OÓ¤H¡A¦Ó¥Lªº¾Ç¥ÍE. Bella§ó¥[±N³oÆ[©Àµo´¡A±j½Õ¸Ö½gµ´¤j³¡¥÷¬°¨p¤HÆFסCcf. Hermann Gunkel, The Psalms: A Form Critical Introduction,
(Fortress, 1967) pp.15-17;
124 C¿q³Ì«á±ßÀ\ªº¬ã¨s¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\I. Howard Marshall, The Last Supper
and Lord's Supper, Eerdman, 1980; Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its
Ministry and Service As They Were At The Time of Jesus Christ, reprinted,
(Eerdmans 1958), pp.208-248.
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